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Paramaribo

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Coordinates: 5°51′8″N 55°12′14″W / 5.85222°N 55.20389°W / 5.85222; -55.20389
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Paramaribo
Capital city
Clockwise from left: Fort Zeelandia, Garden of Palms, Arya Diwaker, Saint Peter and Paul Cathedral and its surroundings, and Mosque Keizerstraat adjacent to the Neveh Shalom Synagogue
Clockwise from left: Fort Zeelandia, Garden of Palms, Arya Diwaker, Saint Peter and Paul Cathedral and its surroundings, and Mosque Keizerstraat adjacent to the Neveh Shalom Synagogue
Nickname(s): 
Par'bo
Parijs van Suriname (Dutch)
(Paris of Suriname)
Paramaribo is located in Suriname
Paramaribo
Paramaribo
Location in Suriname and South America
Paramaribo is located in South America
Paramaribo
Paramaribo
Paramaribo (South America)
Coordinates: 5°51′8″N 55°12′14″W / 5.85222°N 55.20389°W / 5.85222; -55.20389
CountrySuriname
DistrictParamaribo District
Founded1613
Area
 • Total
182 km2 (70 sq mi)
Elevation
3 m (10 ft)
Population
 (2012 census)[1]
 • Total
240,924
 • Density1,300/km2 (3,400/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC-03:00 (Suriname Time)
 • Summer (DST)(not observed)

Paramaribo (UK: /ˌpærəˈmærɪboʊ/ PARR-ə-MARR-ib-oh, US: /ˌpɑːrəˈmɑːrɪboʊ/ PAR-ə-MAR-ib-oh, Dutch: [ˌpaːraːˈmaːriboː] ⓘ) is the capital and largest city of Suriname, located on the banks of the Suriname River in the Paramaribo District. Paramaribo has a population of roughly 241,000 people (2012 census), almost half of Suriname's population.[1] The historic inner city of Paramaribo has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2002.[2]

Name

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The city is named for the Paramaribo tribe living at the mouth of the Suriname River; the name is from Tupi–Guarani para "large river" + maribo "inhabitants".[3]

History

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1830s lithograph of the market

The name Paramaribo is probably a corruption of the name of a native village, spelled Parmurbo in the earliest Dutch sources.[4] This was the location of the first Dutch settlement, a trading post established by Nicolaes Baliestel and Dirck Claeszoon van Sanen in 1613.[4] English and French traders also tried to establish settlements in Suriname, including a French post established in 1644 near present-day Paramaribo.

All earlier settlements were abandoned some time before the arrival of English settlers in 1650 to found Surinam. They were sent by the English governor of Barbados, Lord Francis Willoughby, 5th Baron Willoughby of Parham, and established a town on the site of Paramaribo (though probably south of the current town center). The town was protected by a fort, called Fort Willoughby. In 1662, Governor Willoughby was granted the settlement and surrounding lands (extending into Suriname's interior) by King Charles II. Around 1665 the village of Paramaribo was expanded and quickly outranked the earlier settlement of Torarica.[5]

In 1667, during the Second Anglo-Dutch War, Paramaribo was conquered by a squadron of ships under Abraham Crijnssen. The Treaty of Breda in 1667 confirmed Paramaribo as the leading town of the now Dutch colony of Suriname. The fort protecting Paramaribo was renamed Fort Zeelandia in honor of the Dutch province that had financed Crijnssen's fleet. (The town was also renamed New Middelburg but the name did not catch on with the inhabitants).

The population of Paramaribo has always been very diverse. Among the first British settlers were many Jews[6] and one of the oldest synagogues in the Americas, the Neveh Shalom Synagogue, is found in Paramaribo.[7] The population of the town was greatly increased after 1873, when former enslaved people (who had been freed in 1863) were allowed to stop working for their former masters and leave the sugar plantations.

Paramaribo has remained the capital of Suriname, from its colonial days through the independence of Suriname in 1975 to the present day. The old town has suffered many devastating fires over the years, notably in January 1821 (which destroyed over 400 buildings) and September 1832 (which destroyed nearly 50 buildings).[8] The slaves Kodjo, Mentor, and Present were found guilty of arson, and burnt alive.[9]

In May 1972, the Paramaribo Zoo opened.[10] In 1987, an administrative reorganization took place in Suriname and the city was divided into 12 administrative resorts (jurisdictions).

Geography

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View of Paramaribo from space

The city is located on the Suriname River, approximately 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) inland from the Atlantic Ocean, in the Paramaribo district.

  • Evolution of Paramaribo
  • Paramaribo around 1737.
    Paramaribo around 1737.
  • Paramaribo in 1821. Indicated in brown is the area devastated by the city fire of that year.
    Paramaribo in 1821. Indicated in brown is the area devastated by the city fire of that year.
  • Paramaribo around 1876.
    Paramaribo around 1876.
  • Paramaribo around 1916–1917
    Paramaribo around 1916–1917

Climate

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Paramaribo features a tropical rainforest climate (Af), under the Köppen climate classification. Because Paramaribo is more subject to the Intertropical Convergence Zone than the trade winds and sees no tropical cyclones, its climate is classified as equatorial. The city has no true dry season; all 12 months of the year average more than 60 millimetres or 2.4 inches of rainfall, but the city does experience noticeably wetter and drier periods during the year. The northern hemisphere "autumn" (September through November) is the driest period of the year in Paramaribo, and the heaviest rainfall occurs from April to July. Common to many cities with this climate, temperatures are relatively consistent throughout the course of the year, with average high temperatures of 30 degrees Celsius and average low temperatures of 24 degrees Celsius. Paramaribo on average receives roughly 2,135 millimetres or 84 inches of rainfall each year.

Climate data for Paramaribo (Zorg en Hoop Airport) (1991–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 29.2
(84.6) 		29.4
(84.9) 		28.7
(83.7) 		29.9
(85.8) 		30.0
(86.0) 		30.2
(86.4) 		30.7
(87.3) 		31.5
(88.7) 		32.0
(89.6) 		32.1
(89.8) 		31.2
(88.2) 		30.0
(86.0) 		30.4
(86.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) 27.1
(80.8) 		27.3
(81.1) 		27.7
(81.9) 		27.9
(82.2) 		27.6
(81.7) 		27.4
(81.3) 		27.8
(82.0) 		28.7
(83.7) 		29.3
(84.7) 		29.3
(84.7) 		28.5
(83.3) 		27.5
(81.5) 		28.0
(82.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 24.1
(75.4) 		23.2
(73.8) 		23.5
(74.3) 		24.5
(76.1) 		23.7
(74.7) 		24.4
(75.9) 		24.4
(75.9) 		24.6
(76.3) 		25.1
(77.2) 		25.1
(77.2) 		24.8
(76.6) 		24.2
(75.6) 		24.3
(75.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 172.7
(6.80) 		146.2
(5.76) 		130.5
(5.14) 		215.8
(8.50) 		306.6
(12.07) 		295.6
(11.64) 		234.3
(9.22) 		147.7
(5.81) 		90.3
(3.56) 		86.5
(3.41) 		125.7
(4.95) 		183.7
(7.23) 		2,135.5
(84.07)
Average precipitation days (≥ 3.0 mm) 15 12 14 16 22 22 20 15 11 12 13 18 190
Average relative humidity (%) 76.1 74.4 73.2 76.2 79.4 80.2 77.4 74.0 70.9 71.0 75.6 78.3 75.6
Source 1: NOAA[11]
Source 2: World Meteorological Organization[12] (Average precipitation days)

Demographics

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Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
179018,000—    
183115,265−0.40%
185316,031+0.22%
1980167,798+1.87%
1995228,551+2.08%
2004242,946+0.68%
2012240,924−0.10%

Paramaribo has a population of 240,924 people (2012 census). While the population number is stagnating in recent years, many towns in the surrounding Wanica District are increasing in population.[1]

The city is famed for its diverse ethnic makeup with 27% identifying as Creoles (African or mixed African-European descent), 23% as East Indian, 18% as Multiracial, 16% as Maroons (descendants of escaped enslaved Africans), 10% as Javanese, 2% as Indigenous, 1.5% as Chinese, and smaller numbers of Europeans (primarily of Dutch and Portuguese descent), Lebanese and Jews. In the past decades a significant number of Brazilians, Guyanese and new Chinese immigrants have settled in Paramaribo.

Economy

[edit]
De Surinaamsche Bank building in Paramaribo
Central market in Paramaribo

Paramaribo is the business and financial centre of Suriname. Even though the capital city does not produce significant goods itself, almost all revenues from the country's main export products gold, oil, bauxite, rice, and tropical wood are channeled through its institutions. All banks, insurance corporations and other financial and commercial companies are headquartered in Paramaribo. Around 75 percent of Suriname's GDP is consumed in Paramaribo.

Tourism is an increasingly important sector, with most visitors coming from the Netherlands.[13]

Government

[edit]
Ressorten of the Paramaribo district.

Administratively, Paramaribo forms its own district in Suriname. The resorts of Paramaribo district therefore correspond to boroughs of the city. There are twelve resorts in the Paramaribo district:[1]

Ressort/jurisdiction Area in square km Population density Population (2012)[1]
Blauwgrond 43 661.3 31,483
Rainville 31 930.7 22,747
Munder 14 1146.4 17,234
Centrum 9 3252.7 20,631
Beekhuizen 6 3297.2 17,185
Weg naar Zee 41 321.3 16,037
Welgelegen 7 3387.0 19,304
Tammenga 6 2385.5 15,819
Flora 4 3836.5 19,538
Latour 6 4358.0 29,526
Pontbuiten 6 3246.2 23,211
Livorno 9 931.8 8,209

Transport

[edit]
Johan Adolf Pengel International Airport
Small ferries take passengers across the Suriname River from Paramaribo to the Commewijne District
Zorg en Hoop Airport is one of Suriname's two international airports

Paramaribo is served by the Johan Adolf Pengel International Airport and Zorg en Hoop Airport for local flights. The Jules Wijdenbosch Bridge, which is part of the East-West Link, connects Paramaribo with Meerzorg on the other side of the Suriname River.

The Jules Sedney Harbour is the main harbour for cargo.[14] The former harbour of Waterkant is used by ferries.[15]

Most airlines like Gum Air, Caricom Airways and Blue Wing Airlines have their head offices on the grounds of Zorg en Hoop Airport in Paramaribo.

Education

[edit]

Paramaribo's institution of higher learning is Anton de Kom University of Suriname, the country's only university.

Healthcare

[edit]
Sint Vincentius Hospital in Paramaribo

Paramaribo is home to four hospitals, the Academic Hospital Paramaribo, 's Lands Hospitaal, Sint Vincentius Hospital and Diakonessenhuis.

Historic inner city of Paramaribo

[edit]
Historic Inner City of Paramaribo
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Colonial style houses, Waterkant, Paramaribo
CriteriaCultural: ii, iv
Reference940
Inscription2002 (26th Session)
Area30 ha
Buffer zone60 ha
Main article: Centrum, Paramaribo

The Dutch colonial town established in 17th and 18th centuries was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2002.[16] The historic inner city is located along the left bank of the Suriname River. The original architecture of buildings and street plan has largely remained intact and preserved.

Notable landmarks

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Presidential Palace of Suriname
Arya Diwaker temple
Paramaribo's Neveh Shalom Synagogue
Helstone Monument
The National Assembly of Suriname

Notable people

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Twin towns – sister cities

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Paramaribo is twinned with:

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e "2012 Census Ressorts Suriname" (PDF). Spang Staging. Archived from the original on 4 May 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
  2. ^ "Historic Inner City Paramaribo". Unesco.org. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  3. ^ E. M. Pospelov, Geograficheskie nazvaniya mira (Moscow: Russkie slovari, 1998), p. 322.
  4. ^ a b "Bijdragen en Mededeelingen van het Historisch Genootschap. Deel 35". Digital Library for Dutch Literature (in Dutch). 1914. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  5. ^ "Paramaribo Suriname 2". Suriname.nu (in Dutch). Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  6. ^ "Extract of the Dutch Map Representing the Colony of Surinam". World Digital Library. 1777. Retrieved 2013-07-13.
  7. ^ Fox, Tamar (18 February 2011). "Discovering Suriname's Jewish past - and present". Travel. Washington Post. Retrieved 13 July 2013.
  8. ^ "Paramaribo Suriname". Suriname.nu (in Dutch). Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  9. ^ "Oog in oog met Paramaribo". De Lees Club van Alles (in Dutch). Retrieved 10 March 2021.
  10. ^ "Dieren in dierentuinen "Dieren worden niet meer gehouden voor slechts het plezier van de mens"". Dagblad Suriname (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 March 2021.
  11. ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Zorg en Hoop". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 30, 2024.
  12. ^ "World Weather Information Service:Paramaribo". Retrieved 29 December 2023.
  13. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2013-10-11.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  14. ^ "Dr. Jules Sedney Terminal". Havenbeheer (in Dutch). Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  15. ^ "DE GESCHIEDENIS VAN MEERZORG, ZOALS BESCHREVEN IN OUDE KRANTENBERICHTEN, DEEL 1 (1915-1940)". Plantage Justlust (in Dutch). Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  16. ^ "UNESCO Listing of Paramaribo Inner City". Retrieved 31 Dec 2017.
  17. ^ "Adhin jongste vicepresident Suriname". Suriname Herald (in Dutch). Retrieved 13 July 2020.
  18. ^ djr (2016-10-11). "Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland". resources.huygens.knaw.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 2016-12-18.
  19. ^ "Rajendre Khargi nieuwe Surinaamse ambassadeur in Nederland". Werkgroep Caraibische Letteren (in Dutch). Retrieved 25 December 2021.
  20. ^ "Dr. Coenraad van Lier". Algemeen Handelsblad via Delpher.nl (in Dutch). 22 January 1903. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
  21. ^ Hoefte, Rosemarijn (6 March 2017). "Howard, Grace Ruth (1869-1968". Huygens ING (in Dutch). University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands: Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland. Archived from the original on 28 October 2017. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
  22. ^ Willemstad World Heritage City Archived 2010-02-09 at the Wayback Machine. Curacaomonuments.org. Retrieved on 2012-05-19.
  23. ^ "Miami-Dade County Sister Cities Program". miamidade.gov. Miami-Dade County. Retrieved 2021-01-20.
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