Luang Prabang
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Luang Prabang
ຫຼວງພະບາງ Louangphabang | |
|---|---|
| Luang Prabang District | |
 Southeast Luang Prabang | |
  Luang Prabang Location in Laos | |
| Coordinates: 19°53′24″N 102°08′05″E / 19.89000°N 102.13472°E | |
| Country |  Laos |
| Province | Luang Prabang |
| District | Luang Prabang District |
| Established as Muang Sua | 698 |
| Controlled by Nanzhao | 709 |
| Khmer vassal | 950 |
| Formation of Lan Xang | 1353 |
| Government | |
| • Type | Local Committee for World Heritage Louangphabang[1] |
| Elevation | 305 m (1,001 ft) |
| Population | |
• Total | 55,027 |
| Time zone | UTC+7 (ICT) |
| Post Code | 06000[3] |
| Website | http://tourismluangprabang.org/ |
| Criteria | Cultural: ii, iv, v |
| Reference | 479 |
| Inscription | 1995 (19th Session) |
| Area | 820 ha |
| Buffer zone | 12,560 ha |
Luang Prabang (Lao: ຫຼວງພະບາງ, pronounced [lǔaŋ pʰāʔ.bàːŋ]), historically known as Xieng Thong (ເຊືອງທອງ) and alternatively spelled Luang Phabang or Louangphabang, is the capital of Luang Prabang Province in north-central Laos. Its name, meaning “Royal Buddha Image,” derives from the Phra Bang, a statue symbolizing Lao sovereignty.[4] Designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1995, the city is recognized for blending traditional Lao architecture, European colonial buildings, and over 30 Buddhist temples. The protected area encompasses 33 of its 58 villages, where daily rituals like the morning alms-giving ceremony persist.[5][6]
History
[edit]Dvaravati city state kingdoms
[edit]By the 6th century in the Chao Phraya River Valley, Mon peoples had coalesced to create the Dvaravati kingdoms. In the north, Haripunjaya (Lamphun) emerged as a rival power to the Dvaravati. By the 8th century the Mon had pushed north to create city states, in Fa Daet (modern Kalasin, northeastern Thailand), Sri Gotapura (Sikhottabong) near modern Tha Khek, Laos, Muang Sua (Luang Prabang), and Chantaburi (Vientiane). In the 8th century CE, Sri Gotapura (Sikhottabong) controlled trade throughout the middle Mekong region. The city states introduced Therevada Buddhism from Sri Lankan missionaries throughout the region.[7][8][9][10]: 6, 7 [11][12]
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Lan Xang period
[edit]Xieng Dong Xieng Thong experienced a period of Khmer suzerainty under Jayavarman VII from 1185 to 1191. In 1238 an internal uprising in the Khmer outpost of Sukhothai expelled the Khmer overlords. Xieng Dong Xieng Thong in 1353 became the capital of the Lan Xang kingdom. In 1359 the Khmer king from Angkor gave the Phra Bang to his son-in-law, the first Lang Xang monarch Fa Ngum (1353–1373); to provide Buddhist legitimacy both to Fa Ngum's rule and by extension to the sovereignty of Laos and was used to spread Theravada Buddhism in the new kingdom. The capital name was changed to Luangphabang, where it was kept, named after the Buddha image.[13]: 225–226 Luang Prabang was occupied by the Vietnamese forces during Emperor Lê Thánh Tông's 1478–1480 expedition against Lan Xang and Lanna.[14]
In 1707, Lan Xang fell apart because of a dynastic struggle and Luang Prabang became the capital of the independent Kingdom of Luang Phrabang. When France annexed Laos, the French recognised Luang Prabang as the royal residence of Laos. Eventually, the ruler of Luang Prabang became synonymous with the figurehead of Laos. When Laos achieved independence, the king of Luang Prabang, Sisavang Vong, became the head of state of the Kingdom of Laos.[15]
World War II
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The town was the scene of events during and in the aftermath of World War II and it was occupied by foreign countries during the war (Vichy France, Thailand, Imperial Japan, Free France, and Nationalist China). Initially the Vichy French controlled the city and lost it to Thai forces following the Franco-Thai War of 1940–1941. On 9 March 1945, a nationalist group declared Laos once more independent, with Luang Prabang as its capital and on 7 April 1945 2 battalions of Japanese troops occupied the city.[16] The Japanese attempted to force Sisavang Vong (the King of Luang Prabang) to declare Laotian independence and on 8 April he instead simply declared an end to Laos' status as a French protectorate. The King then secretly sent Prince Kindavong to represent Laos to the Allied forces and Sisavang Vatthana as representative to the Japanese.[16] Following Japan's surrender to the Allies, Free French forces were sent to reoccupy Laos and entered Luang Prabang on 25 August, at which time the King assured the French that Laos remained a French colonial protectorate.[16] In September the Chinese Nationalist forces arrived to receive the surrender of the remaining Japanese forces and set about buying up the Laotian opium crop.[16]
Laotian Civil War
[edit]In April and May 1946, the French attempted to recapture Laos by using paratroops to retake Vientiane and Luang Prabang and drive Phetsarath and the Lao Issara ministers out of Laos and into Thailand and Vietnam. During the First Indochina War, the Viet Minh and Pathet Lao forces attempted to capture the city some times in 1953 and 1954, and were stopped before they could reach it by French forces.[17]
Tourism
[edit]
Among the natural tourism sites are the Kuang Si Falls, Tat Sae Waterfalls, and Pak Ou Caves. Elephant riding is offered at some sites. Phou Si, in the center of the town, has views of the town and river systems. At the end of the main street of Luang Prabang is a night market where stalls sell shirts, bracelets, and other souvenirs. The Haw Kham Royal Palace Museum and the Wat Xieng Thong temple are among the historical sites. The town, particularly the main street, is dotted with smaller wats such as Wat Hosian Voravihane. Every morning at sunrise, monks walk in a procession through the streets accepting alms offered by local residents. In mountain biking, people bike around the town or to the waterfalls for the day. Down the Mekong River, a 15-minute boat ride from the city centre, Ban Chan (the pottery village)[18] is another place.
Gastronomy
[edit]
Local dishes include: Or lam (O-lam, the favourite dish of Luang Prabang locals), Luang Prabang sausage, mokpa (steamed fish), and Kaipen made from Mekong River moss (served fried) with the Luang Prabang's famous Jeow Bong.[19]
Transportation
[edit]
Road
[edit]Luang Prabang is served by Route 13, which connects to Vang Vieng and Vientiane to the south, and to Boten in the north. The road is paved. Since 2014, a new road connects Kasi (close to Vang Vieng) to Luang Prabang, allowing the trip to be made in about 3 hours (compared to 5 hours via Route 13). Daily buses run from Vientiane to Luang Prabang, taking 11–13 hours.[20]
Buses regularly travel a route for 14–16 hours.[20]
Rail
[edit]Beginning December 2021, Luang Prabang is served by the Vientiane–Boten railway. The railway parallels Route 13, and serve as Laos' first major north–south railway line, from Boten at the Chinese border in the north to Vientiane in the south. The complete journey takes less than 3 hours by train instead of 3 days by road.[21][22]
Education
[edit]There is a French international school in the city, École francophone de Luang Prabang.[23]
Climate
[edit]| Climate data for Luang Prabang, elevation 305 m (1,001 ft), (1991–2020) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 39.4 (102.9) |
39.5 (103.1) |
41.0 (105.8) |
44.8 (112.6) |
44.0 (111.2) |
40.0 (104.0) |
39.0 (102.2) |
40.0 (104.0) |
38.0 (100.4) |
38.6 (101.5) |
36.3 (97.3) |
36.3 (97.3) |
44.8 (112.6) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 28.4 (83.1) |
31.7 (89.1) |
34.1 (93.4) |
35.2 (95.4) |
34.6 (94.3) |
33.5 (92.3) |
32.2 (90.0) |
32.0 (89.6) |
32.5 (90.5) |
31.9 (89.4) |
29.9 (85.8) |
27.4 (81.3) |
32.0 (89.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 19.8 (67.6) |
22.1 (71.8) |
25.2 (77.4) |
27.5 (81.5) |
27.9 (82.2) |
27.9 (82.2) |
27.1 (80.8) |
26.9 (80.4) |
26.8 (80.2) |
25.4 (77.7) |
22.5 (72.5) |
19.7 (67.5) |
24.9 (76.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 14.7 (58.5) |
15.3 (59.5) |
18.3 (64.9) |
21.6 (70.9) |
23.3 (73.9) |
24.1 (75.4) |
24.0 (75.2) |
23.8 (74.8) |
23.2 (73.8) |
21.4 (70.5) |
18.1 (64.6) |
15.0 (59.0) |
20.2 (68.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 0.8 (33.4) |
8.0 (46.4) |
9.8 (49.6) |
13.2 (55.8) |
17.0 (62.6) |
14.0 (57.2) |
19.2 (66.6) |
14.0 (57.2) |
10.8 (51.4) |
12.5 (54.5) |
6.0 (42.8) |
4.3 (39.7) |
0.8 (33.4) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 17.1 (0.67) |
11.7 (0.46) |
51.9 (2.04) |
102.2 (4.02) |
160.6 (6.32) |
199.9 (7.87) |
283.2 (11.15) |
329.4 (12.97) |
176.7 (6.96) |
87.1 (3.43) |
26.9 (1.06) |
25.6 (1.01) |
1,472.2 (57.96) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 2 | 1 | 5 | 9 | 14 | 15 | 20 | 21 | 15 | 7 | 3 | 2 | 114 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 82 | 77 | 74 | 76 | 81 | 85 | 87 | 89 | 87 | 86 | 84 | 85 | 82.8 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 175.5 | 193.6 | 174.3 | 185.3 | 184.0 | 131.7 | 106.8 | 119.1 | 158.5 | 185.0 | 169.4 | 168.2 | 1,951.4 |
| Source 1: World Meteorological Organization[24] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA (humidity, 1961–1990),[2][25] The Yearbook of Indochina (1932–1933)[26] | |||||||||||||
Sister cities
[edit]
See also
[edit]Gallery
[edit]
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Monks collecting alms at dawn -
Buddhist Temple at Haw Kham (Royal Palace) complex -
Royal Palace -
Primary school -
Luang Prabang night market -
Buddha images at Vat Visounarath -
Boats on the Mekong -
-
Landscape with a wooden footbridge crossing the Nam Khan river, where 2 workers are working at the consolidation of this structure, holding a beam during the monsoon -
Wat Nong Sikhounmuang
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References
[edit]- ^ a b Sengnaly, Phanthong. "Conference of Local Committee For World Heritage". www.luangprabang-heritage.org. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 16 June 2016.
- ^ a b "Luangphabang Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 24 January 2023. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
- ^ "Laos Postal Explorer". pe.usps.com. Archived from the original on 19 October 2016. Retrieved 19 October 2016.
- ^ Evans, Grant (2002). A short history of Laos: the land in between. Short history of Asia series. Crows Nest NSW, Australia: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 978-1-86448-997-2.
- ^ Application of Information and Communication Technology to Promote Sustainable Development A Case Study: Town of Luang Prabang, Lao PDR Archived 8 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine (pdf) Tokyo Institute of Technology, Retrieved 15 June 2016
- ^ "Town of Luang Prabang – Map". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 21 June 2016. Retrieved 15 June 2016.
- ^ Maha Sila Viravond. "HISTORY OF LAOS" (PDF). Refugee Educators' Network. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 April 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2017.
- ^ M.L. Manich. "HISTORY OF LAOS (including the history of Lonnathai, Chiangmai)" (PDF). Refugee Educators' Network. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2017.
- ^ Martin Stuart-Fox (6 February 2008), Historical Dictionary of Laos, Scarecrow Press, p. 328, ISBN 9780810864115, archived from the original on 24 January 2023, retrieved 26 February 2021
- ^ Phra Thep Rattanamoli (1976). "The That Phanom chronicle : a shrine history and its interpretation". Archived from the original on 10 March 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
- ^ Kislenko, Arne (2009), Culture and Customs of Laos, Bloomsbury Academic, p. 19, ISBN 9780313339776, archived from the original on 24 January 2023, retrieved 26 February 2021
- ^ "The Mon and Khmer Kingdoms". 31 March 2015. Archived from the original on 24 September 2021. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
- ^ Coedès, George (1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. trans.Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-0368-1.
- ^ Manlch, M.L. (1967) History of Laos, pages 126–129.
- ^ "Promoting Conservation through ICT: Luang Prabang". Archived from the original on 12 March 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
- ^ a b c d Savada, Andrea Matles (editor) (1994) "Events in 1945" A Country Study: Laos Archived 21 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine Federal Research Division, Library of Congress
- ^ At War in the Shadow of Vietnam: U.S. Military Aid to the Royal Lao Government, 1955 – 1975. pp. 9–10.
- ^ "Ban Chan, the pottery village". Archived from the original on 24 January 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2014.
- ^ "Lao Food". Sabaidee Laos. Tourism Marketing Department Lao PDR. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 7 August 2015.
- ^ a b Luang Prabang Archived 16 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Travelfish.org, retrieved 15 February 2011
- ^ "The Laos–China Railway Project". laotiantimes.com. Vientiane Times. 28 February 2018. Archived from the original on 5 November 2018. Retrieved 9 January 2019.
- ^ Janssen, Peter (18 August 2018). "China train project runs roughshod over Laos". www.atimes.com. Asia Times. Archived from the original on 13 October 2021. Retrieved 9 January 2019.
- ^ "École francophone de Luang Prabang". AEFE. Archived from the original on 16 June 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
- ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 2 August 2023. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
- ^ "Global Surface Summary of the Day –GSOD". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 26 January 2023.
- ^ "The Yearbook of Indochina (1932–1933)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 July 2023. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
- ^ "unk". Earth Times. Archived from the original on 6 March 2020. Retrieved 7 June 2020.[not specific enough to verify]
Further reading
[edit]- Berliner, David (2012). "Multiple Nostalgias: The Fabric of Heritage in Luang Prabang (Lao PDR)". Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute. 18 (4). Royal Anthropological Institute: 769–786. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9655.2012.01791.x.
- Cavendish, Marshall (September 2007). World and Its Peoples: Eastern and Southern Asia. Marshall Cavendish Corporation. pp. 798–799. ISBN 978-0-7614-7639-9.
- Pengchai, Teerayut; Singkam, Anothai; Nimala, Niti (2016). "The Creative Process of Developing Identity Through Native Textile Handicraft: The World Heritage Site of Luang Prabang". Social Sciences and Humanities. 24. Pertanika: 159–168.
- Platenkamp, Jos D. M. (2008). "The Canoe Racing Ritual of Luang Prabang". Social Analysis: The International Journal of Social and Cultural Practice. 52 (3). Berghahn Books.
External links
[edit]
Luang Prabang travel guide from Wikivoyage- City portal of Luang Prabang on Luangprabang-laos.com
- . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
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