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The founding of the Almoravids

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When a political movement departs from a location then spreads to southern tribes (lamtuna and Gudala) whom its leaders sought guidance from the movement founders to restore order, piety, and eliminate degeneracy, it would be unreasonable to say that the movement and the political order departed from these tribes (Lamtuna and Gudala) as suggested in the header section. The political, religious, and military movement departed from Aglou around Tiznit area in present day Morocco (see in this same page the origin of schools of Waggag ibn Zallu in the <Name section>). In fact the founder Abdallah Ibn Yassine died in a military conquest against Barghawata in the north near Romani area before the Almoravids became an empire. In summary, the political state and rise of Almoravids had begun in Morocco, this is to be stated in the header section. Verify and edit accordingly (The same sources apply) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 73.250.237.93 (talk) 04:13, 21 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]

@M.Bitton I do not want to appear to be smart, but I relied on the description of Oxford and UNESCO that the Almoravids were founded in southern Morocco in the Western Sahara by the Lamtuna and gudala.[1][2] Kozioğlu (talk) 14:10, 26 December 2024 (UTC)[reply]
High quality RS stating that they invaded Morocco can be cited ad nauseam. M.Bitton (talk) 14:11, 26 December 2024 (UTC)[reply]
@M.Bitton From the way you speak, your personal biases are clear, but the Almoravid state did not invade Morocco, but rather united it, and it was launched within the lands of Morocco. And if we go according to your logic, then the Rightly-Guided Caliphate was launched from Mecca and invaded the Arabian Peninsula?🤔😅 Kozioğlu (talk) 14:15, 26 December 2024 (UTC)[reply]
@M.Bitton I mean the Rashidun Caliphate, Translation error Kozioğlu (talk) 14:17, 26 December 2024 (UTC)[reply]
Please read WP:NPA. I'm done here. M.Bitton (talk) 14:19, 26 December 2024 (UTC)[reply]
@M.Bitton My edit was not a personal attack but a correction to the article. There is incorrect information although it is clear. Kozioğlu (talk) 14:22, 26 December 2024 (UTC)[reply]

Lithām and Almohad accusations of effeminacy

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At the end of the section "Name" there is an indication of "citation needed". I just had a suggestion for an article that might be useful on that regard, but I cannot edit the page because it seems to be protected: González Diéguez, Guadalupe. "Veiled Men of the Desert: Perceptions of the Ṣanhāğa Face-Muffler in the Medieval Islamic West," Occhialì: Rivista sul Mediterraneo Islamico 7 (2020): 33-47. Many thanks for your consideration, in any case. Alqantara75 (talk) 22:56, 19 February 2024 (UTC)[reply]

Thanks for the suggestion, Alqantara75. If I have time at some point, I'll have a look at the reference and update the paragraph accordingly. (Anyone else is also free to do so.) I believe Amira Bennison's book (already cited widely in this article) also discusses this issue to some extent, if that's helpful. R Prazeres (talk) 21:05, 22 February 2024 (UTC)[reply]

Almoravids' maximal expansion

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Hey @R Prazeres, I noticed that you reverted my edit regarding the date of the map, stating that it contradicts the article. However, according to sources such as Ibn Khaldun and the historian and archaeologist Dr. Rachid Bourouiba, the map accurately depicts the year 1100, not later. Ibn Khaldun mentions that Algiers, just before the Hammadid expedition to Tlemcen, was under the Sanhadja, and the governor of Tlemcen besieged Algiers unsuccessfully before turning to Achir, which prompted the Hammadid expedition.[3] According to Rachid Bourouiba, Abd al-Aziz ibn Mansur governed the province of Algiers under the reign of his brother Badis, and under the rule of Yahya ibn Abd al-Aziz (1121-1152), the province of Algiers was given to his brother Hassan.[4] Additionally, according to Ibn Khaldun in his book Al Ibar, Al Mansur was able to reconquer the western territories of his kingdom after the expedition.[5] Therefore, it would be incorrect to assume that the Almoravids controlled all of those eastern territories in 1120, and it is necessary to adjust the map. Tayeb188 (talk) 12:12, 21 February 2024 (UTC)[reply]

Based on what you wrote, I don't see any definitive details that don't require some form of WP:SYNTH. It's fully plausible that Algiers was captured by the Hammadids at some point, maybe during the war that was settled between the two sides in 1104, but I don't see any sources being explicit about that, or about when Algiers was under whose control, etc. I couldn't find anything precise on my end either during a brief search.
The map is not more compatible with the date 1100, because that contradicts the much better known chronology of conquests in al-Andalus discussed in the article (as I mentioned in my edit summary). Zaragoza wasn't captured until 1110, the Balearics in 1115. (Valencia also in 1102.) In fact, the caption should more accurately say circa 1115, rather than 1120, since Zaragoza was then captured by Aragon in 1118 (see article).
The map itself, as is, matches many maps from scholarly and reliable sources depicting Almoravid control, all including Algiers,[6][7][8] so I don't think there are any grounds for adjusting it. All such maps are merely approximations and Wikipedia merely reports what reliable sources say. If we begin to nitpick about certain places based on our own incomplete reading of sources, we'll likely end up in a never-ending loop of WP:OR. If we find clear and explicit reliable sources saying the Almoravids did not occupy Algiers after a certain date, my suggestion instead would be to add a footnote to the caption noting this for clarification, following the example of the caption at Aghlabids regarding Sardinia. R Prazeres (talk) 17:35, 21 February 2024 (UTC) R Prazeres (talk) 17:35, 21 February 2024 (UTC)[reply]
To be fair, we already have sources (Roger Le Tourneau, Phillip Naylor and others) stating that the Hammadids expanded westward and by 1102, they took Tlemcen. I think the best option would be to remove "c. 1120" and leave the map simply showing the maximum extent. Also, for what it's worth, the Atlas of Islamic History map states "c. 1100". M.Bitton (talk) 17:45, 21 February 2024 (UTC)[reply]
It's less informative, but if others agree then I'm fine with removing the date, given both my comment above (about Zaragoza, though this is easily fixed) and the fact that most of the map sources I've seen don't give a specific date in the caption.
I've seen Naylor's note, but just to show how easily there can be apparent contradictions: Messier[9] puts the city under Almoravid control under both Ali Ibn Yusuf and Tashfin ibn Ali (including names of governors), we have epigraphic evidence of Ali ibn Yusuf expanding the Great Mosque of Tlemcen in 1136,[10] and multiple sources state that Tashfin ibn Ali made his last stand here before being chased to Oran(e.g. Messier, Bennison p.59). R Prazeres (talk) 18:17, 21 February 2024 (UTC) R Prazeres (talk) 18:17, 21 February 2024 (UTC)[reply]
Unfortunately, that period is not well documented (probably because the cousins weren't so keen on fighting each other). If I have time, I will try to create a derivative of the Atlas of Islamic History map (Slugett seems to always come to our rescue). M.Bitton (talk) 18:30, 21 February 2024 (UTC)[reply]
I agree with removing the date from the caption of the map. This would make it more accurate. Tayeb188 (talk) 12:33, 22 February 2024 (UTC)[reply]
Thanks for your input, Tayeb188. I'll go ahead and remove it then. And if we later use a map that's modeled more closely on Sluglett & Currie's map (which is a little more precise in its presentation), I'm sure that'll be fine; thanks, M.Bitton. R Prazeres (talk) 21:00, 22 February 2024 (UTC)[reply]

References

  1. ^ Fasi, Mohammed El; Hrbek, I. (2010-01-01). História Geral da África – Vol. III – África do século VII ao XI (in Brazilian Portuguese). UNESCO. ISBN 978-85-7652-125-9.
  2. ^ Appiah, Anthony; Gates (Jr.), Henry Louis (2010). Encyclopedia of Africa. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-533770-9.
  3. ^ Ibn Khaldoun. Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique (in French). p. 54.
  4. ^ رشيد بورويبة. الدولة الحمادية تاريخها وحضارتها (in Arabic). p. 125.
  5. ^ Ibn Khaldun. Kitāb al-ʻibar volume 6 (in French). p. 234.
  6. ^ Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987). A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 78. ISBN 0521337674.
  7. ^ Bennison, Amira K. (2016). The Almoravid and Almohad Empires. Edinburgh University Press. p. 48. ISBN 9780748646821.
  8. ^ Sluglett, Peter; Currie, Andrew (2015). Atlas of Islamic History. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-58897-9.
  9. ^ Messier, Ronald A. (2010). The Almoravids and the Meanings of Jihad. Praeger. ISBN 978-0-313-38589-6.
  10. ^ Gorbea, Antonio Almagro (2015). "The Great Mosque of Tlemcen and the Dome of its Maqṣūra". Al-Qanṭara. 36.

Missing information

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The article says " a coalition of the Lamtuna, Gudala, and Massufa nomadic Berber tribes lived in what is now Mauritania and the Western Sahara " yet, Lamtuna's territory, known as "Bilad Lamtuna" (the country of the Lamtuna), was actually located in the southern region of Sous-Massa, Morocco, stretching as far as Guelmim-Oued Noun and Laayoune-Sakia El-Hamra, according to many historians such as Al-Idrisi and Ibn Khaldun, there's also historians who said uqba ibn Nafi fought them in his conquest to the far west exactly in between present sous massa and guelmim-oued noun 102.38.8.5 (talk) 02:00, 9 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]

The statement is written according to what the cited sources say. If you want to argue for changes or additions, please provide reliable (secondary) sources that clearly support your proposal. R Prazeres (talk) 04:46, 9 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]
I ask to edit the article including Morocco because I said bilad lamtuma starts from it's south, also there are a lot of sources about masufa and gudala too but let's start with lamtuma, in the book "Nuzhat al-Mushtaq" by Al-Idrisi, a 12th-century muslim historian, geographer and cartographer, he wrote
- ( But as for the land of Nul al-aksa and Tazkaght, they are the country of lamtuna of the desert, and lamtuma is a tribe from Sanhaja )
- ( There is also a stone called 'Hajar al-Bihit' on its shore, which is a well-known stone among the people of al-maghrib al-aqsa, the stone is sold at a good price, especially in the country of lamtuna )
- ( the city Nul lamta and the city of azgi to lamta too, and as for the city of Nul in the west, it is three days journey from the sea and thirteen stages from Sijilmasa, the city of Nul is a large and populous city situated on a river that flows from the eastern direction, and on it there are the tribes of lamtuna and lamta )
- ( And they are nomads who move around but do not settle in a place, like the lamtuna of the Sahara who are in al-maghreb al-aqsa )
You could read the book or I could give the links to the pages in Arabic so you can verify the texts 102.38.8.5 (talk) 13:57, 9 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]
We're not going to go out of our way to include what is contradicted by the overwhelming majority of reliable sources. M.Bitton (talk) 14:02, 9 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]
You're saying that the 12th century historian al-idrisi who lived in Almoravid empire isn't reliable source? There's ibn khaldun, there's abd-alouahid, there's al-hamiri, what's a reliable source to you if it's not from them 102.38.8.5 (talk) 14:42, 9 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]
The lamtuna and their allied/subject tribes of massoufa and Juddala are not from modern day Morocco. The Almoravids actually conquered both the northern Sahara then the south of modern day Morocco as shown in RS. Consider reading these (which also includes contemporary Arab sources that are displayed far better than your assertions).
If you’re just going to keep ignoring reliable sources then I don’t think there is anything more to say. Nourerrahmane (talk) 16:21, 9 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]
the idrisi and ibn khaldun and al-hamiri and abd al-ouahed and abi al-fida and many others mentioned bilad lamtuna in southern Morocco from Gulmem to sakia el-hamra, they are also mentioned in southern Morocco when uqba ibn nafi fought them before reaching the ocean, those without mentioning complicated sources such as al-bakri who states by the liter that their maintain is near taliouen, more than that al idrisi who lived among them states that lamtuna wasn't native to the sahara Desert they were rather from the north and pushed southwards by the other tribes which ibn khaldun aslo confirms and the Mauritian historian al-hassan mentions it
if you'll intentionally ignote all these ssources arelay on modern publications then that's Wikipedia for yound
Wikipedia relies on modern publications as reliable source then that's another story, 102.38.8.5 (talk) 16:38, 9 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]
Hello everyone, If I were in IP's position, I would have referred to Al-Maghrib Al-Aqsa instead of Morocco. As Al-Idrisi mentioned, the Lamtuna were located in southern Al-Maghrib Al-Aqsa. Whether he meant Morocco or Mauritania, I'm not sure. Also, @Nourerrahmane, your addition is not accurate at all. The source you cited does not support your claim. I suggest you revert it yourself if you acknowledge your mistake. The location of Lamtuna stretches from Oued Souss (In southern Morocco) to Mauritania. Here are some other sources that provide a more precise description of the Lamtuna's location. [1] [2] TybenWelcome 17:19, 9 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]
I'm just going to ignore your comment, please don't ping me. Nourerrahmane (talk) 17:30, 9 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]
In that case i'm going to revert your addition myself. And remember Wikipedia:BOLD, revert, discuss cycle. TybenWelcome 17:35, 9 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]
Actually I wouldn't mind if they add it as " Maghreb al-aksa " while removing Maurtiana or just leaving it as it is adding " Morocco " although many historians don't count Maurtiana as part of " al-maghrib al-aksa " such as al-idrisi who calls it " bilad qamrunia " but there's al-qalqandishi who said it's a part of " Maghreb al-aksa " so this matter is up to them 102.38.8.5 (talk) 17:53, 9 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]
Mauritania is mentioned in reliable sources, so it's impossible to remove. However I already cited (above) sources that give description of Lamtuna's location, it stretches from Oued Souss in southern Morocco to modern Mauritania, I think those sources must be followed here. TybenWelcome 18:57, 9 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]
I wouldn't insist on removing Maurtiana instead I'd ask they add Morocco, Lamtuna didn't inhabit all of modern day Maurtiana nor all of Morocco they mainly lived in the sahara, tho I wouldn't mind adding " southern Morocco " if they want to make it specific 102.38.8.5 (talk) 19:32, 9 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]
I say again, the lamtuna have nothing to do with Morocco prior to the almoravid conquest of Morocco, the very fact that al-Idrisi mentions south Morocco goes against an army of primary and secondary sources alike, the lamtuna is the southmost Sanhadja tribe, i wouldn't even agree on other northern tribes such as Massufa and Godala or lamta having any kind of sedentary presence in Morocco (prior to the Almoravid conquest), simply because Morocco was not home of these Sanhdaja tribes. It was the Sahara, which is neither part of the Maghreb al Aksa or modern day Morocco. The source given by the disruptive sock speaks about Awdghaust and southern-central Mauritania region as a birthplace of the Almoravid movement and speaks of the politics of the involved Saharan tribes prior to the Almoravid state in that specific area. if anything, the Noun river is the northmost a nomadic tribe can venture into. Overall, this has literally nothing to do with modern day Morocco and nowhere serves the purpose of this article.
This is all i will say. Nourerrahmane (talk) 20:05, 9 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]
Lamtuna are mentioned in Morocco before the establishment of Aoudghast, again it's mentioned that Uqba ibn Nafi fought them before reaching the ocean. Ibn Khaldun mentioned it, Ibn Abu Dinar mentioned it, Al-Hasan Al-Ourtilani in the 12th century mentioned it, the Mauritanian historian Al-Hasan ben Al-Amine mentioned it, and many more did, note that all the area under the modern-day Suss-Massa region is considered "Sahara" by the historians, and again Al-Hassan also said Lamtuna isn't native to the Sahara; it was in Daara, then immigrated south, Gabriel Camps also says that all Sanhaja aren't native to the Sahara; they immigrated south, Ibn Khaldun mentioned it, saying they were on the north and were forced to move to the Sahara, Al-Idrisi says the same, adding that they were pushed by other Berbers to the Sahara, which is close to the ocean, The fact that you argue on a topic which you don't know anything about while acting as if Al-Idrisi who lived among them and traveled throughout the land, is some modern French historian who published his book in 2005, and gave me sources that you yourself haven't read while ignoring all the other sources means you're an Algerian, which doesn't surprise me. It's Wikipedia after all, I would ask you to avoid replaying to me, I'm not into empty arguments with people like you "respectfully". 102.38.8.5 (talk) 21:30, 9 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]
I think this is the appropriate time to call an admin to intervene. @Ad Orientem, could you please deal with Nourerrahmane's disruptive behavior here? first they refused to communicate : "I'm just going to ignore your comment, please don't ping me." And now they are possibly referring to me as "disruptive sock", not to mention that the source they cited doesn't support their claim which also contradicts many other credible sources. TybenWelcome 21:48, 9 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]
@Nourerrahmane Please be polite and assume good faith when interacting with other editors. Thank you. -Ad Orientem (talk) 22:16, 9 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]
My apologies. Nourerrahmane (talk) 22:33, 9 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]
Do you have any idea about "Wikipedia:BOLD, revert, discuss cycle"? Also, when you make an edit, you should expect opposition. It's like you never edited here. TybenWelcome 17:45, 9 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]

The origins of the Almoravids from Western Sahara

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@M.Bitton There was no need to remove my entire edit because I had sources you didn't respond to Kozioğlu (talk) 13:49, 26 December 2024 (UTC)[reply]

@Kozioğlu: what you added to the article doesn't make any sense. For a start, the origin of the various tribes is attested in their respective articles and sources about the Lemtuna being from Mauritania can be easily be found. Second, the Almoravids' first capital was in Mauritania (that didn't happen by accident), and third, even if we ignore all the sources about Mauritania, the idea that Western is in Morocco is frankly not even worth discussing. M.Bitton (talk) 13:58, 26 December 2024 (UTC)[reply]
@M.Bitton First, I brought many sources about the origin of the Almoravids, most notably Oxford and UNESCO, which say that their origins are from the Western Sahara. As for the first capital of the Almoravids, it is Aghmat according to Oxford.[1] Azuki was rejected as the first capital of the Almoravids in UNESCO. Kozioğlu (talk) 14:35, 26 December 2024 (UTC)[reply]
Just checked Clansy-Smith, which I think is the most RS in his edit. It says : "Almoravid intellectual roots lie in Qayrawan, a centre of strict Maliki orthodoxy which attracted the attention of earlier Almoravid reformers intent upon uprooting perceived un-Islamic practices and beliefs among their people the Sanhaja of the southern Sahara. The desert Sanhaja, were known as the mulathamun, ‘the veiled ones’. They were nomadic peoples grouped in three large societies in the western Sahara: the Massufa in the east and north to the Wadi Draa of southern Morocco, the Lamtuna in the southwestern Sahara, and the Juddala in the far western Sahara from Seguiat al-Hamra to Trarza." (pp 51). Basically (the Western Sahara) covers all the aforementionned area, and not solely the Seguiat al-Hamra which covers parts of the modern day Sahrawi Arab republic. Also, the source nowhere relates Seguiat al-Hamra to modern day Morocco as he did in his edit.
Source says this too: "The Almoravid dynasty was born among the Saharan Sanhaja, a confederation of some 70 tribes, the three most important of which were the Bani Gudala, the Bani Lamtuna and the Bani Massufa. They were desert nomads, pastoralists who lived off their herds. Additionally, the Sanhaja sold protection to the caravans passing through their territory in much of what is modern day Mauritania". (pp 66)
We've covered this again and again in this TP and RS unilaterally agree on this matter. The Almoravids were not from modern day Morocco, they conquered it.
PS: Cherry picking and modifying a direct quote from a RS isn't going to help your cause) Nourerrahmane (talk) 14:54, 26 December 2024 (UTC)[reply]
@Nourerrahmane The Almoravids, according to Oxford, set out from Morocco under the leadership of two tribes, the Lamtuna and the gudala and Massufa, whose homelands were in southern Morocco, according to Oxford. This is a clear reference to the Western Sahara, which is today part of Morocco.
Let's not forget that the Almurabitun school was in Sous and the founder of the state, Abdullah bin Yassin, was from Sous. If you want sources from me, I am always here. Kozioğlu (talk) 15:25, 26 December 2024 (UTC)[reply]
@Nourerrahmane Before I forget, you destroyed that the Almoravids invaded Morocco, although I do not know how, although they themselves are Moroccans, but I brought you a source from Cambridge that states that the Almoravids' goal was to unify Morocco under their authority.[2] Kozioğlu (talk) 15:32, 26 December 2024 (UTC)[reply]
@NourerrahmaneThere are translation errors, don't take it as my burden, "I meant I mentioned" not destroyed Kozioğlu (talk) 15:35, 26 December 2024 (UTC)[reply]
Stop pinging me please. Nourerrahmane (talk) 15:39, 26 December 2024 (UTC)[reply]
@Nourerrahmane We are discussing to edit the article, how can your edit be rejected and at the same time no one wants to discuss it?🤔 Kozioğlu (talk) 15:45, 26 December 2024 (UTC)[reply]

References

  1. ^ Walker, Bethany; Insoll, Timothy; Fenwick, Corisande (2020-10-06). The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Archaeology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-750787-2.
  2. ^ Fage, J. D.; Oliver, Roland (1975). The Cambridge History of Africa. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-20981-6.

Nominal vassal

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@Nourerrahmane In reality no, the Almoravids recognized religious sovereignty and not nominal sovereignty, and this is according to the source Kozioğlu (talk) 20:54, 8 January 2025 (UTC)[reply]

@Nourerrahmane I need clarification about the year of the Almoravids’ founding. According to the source you provided from Oxford, it states that the state was founded in 1040 and ended in 1146. Kozioğlu (talk) 21:00, 8 January 2025 (UTC)[reply]
@Nourerrahmane Abu nasr saying in pag 77:
Almoravids nominally recognized the authority of the abbasid Caliphate, but this was a act of religious allegiance (loyalty) which had no real political significance.
The source says that the Abbasids had no authority over the Almoravids. I don't know why you deleted my edit. Kozioğlu (talk) 23:10, 8 January 2025 (UTC)[reply]
There is no official starting date. As the sources attest, including those already cited, the early leadership and the first conquests began in the 1050s. The chronology/historiography of early Almoravid history is tricky and uncertain (as also explained in the article), so trying to pick a more precise date, even if you can find suggestions in sources here and there, would not be more informative to readers. It's fine as is.
I also don't see any actual disagreement here on sovereignty. You don't seem to be disputing the "nominal" part, so this edit is both unclear and, if anything, goes against your point. Again, it's fine as is. The English word "vassal" might not be great at conveying the exact nature of caliphal authority in this era to unfamiliar readers, but I can't think of a clearer and equally concise wording to use. R Prazeres (talk) 23:21, 8 January 2025 (UTC)[reply]
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